The dynamics of combining self-employment and employment

This study examines the extent to which wage-earning workers are simultaneously self-employed, a phenomenon not thoroughly investigated in earlier studies. We use matched employee-employer databases to present a detailed investigation of self-employment patterns within the post industrial sectors in Sweden from 1990 to 2002. We find that persons that combine self-employment with waged work constitute a majority of the total number of self-employed, and that most people enter self-employment by engaging first in combinatory work, indicating that the decision to move to self-employment is more complex than characterized in earlier research.Self-employment; income dynamics; entrepreneurship

Hybrid Entrepreneurship

In contrast to previous efforts to model the individual’s movement from wage work into entrepreneurship, we consider that individuals might transition incrementally by retaining their wage job while entering into self-employment. We show that these hybrid entrepreneurs represent a significant share of all entrepreneurial activity. Theoretical arguments are proposed to suggest why hybrid entrants are distinct from self-employment entrants, and why hybrid entry may facilitate subsequent entry into full self-employment. We demonstrate that there are significant theoretical and empirical consequences for this group and our understanding of self-employment entry and labor market dynamics. Using matched employee-employer data over eight years, we test the model on a population of Swedish wage earners in the knowledge-intensive sector.Hybrid entrepreneurship; Self-employment; Labour market dynamics; Transition determinants; Employee-employer data

Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationOne of the greatest challenges in synthetic chemistry is the development of reactions that can efficiently afford target compounds without creating byproducts. One such class of reactions are [2+2+2] cycloadditions. Here, three unsaturated coupling partners are combined to create six-membered rings, often with high regioselectivity, high yield, and no byproducts (i.e., secondary products). To further increase the attractiveness of these reactions, iron, a cheap and abundant catalyst, can be used. However, for the [2+2+2] synthesis of pyridines, a very important class of compounds, iron has traditionally been a very poor catalyst. By tethering unreactive nitriles to the more reactive alkynes, the first general iron-catalyzed [2+2+2] method to synthesize pyridines has been developed. This reactivity was further explored with the cycloaddition of diynes and cyanamides. Cyanamides demonstrated remarkable chemo- and regioselectivity. The three-component cycloaddition of terminal alkynes and a cyanamide could be performed with high yield and complete chemoselectivity. By combining aforementioned strategies of nitrile incorporation, the entirely novel cycloaddition of alkynenitriles and cyanamides has been developed. In this case, iron demonstrated reactivity that few [2+2+2] cycloaddition catalyst exhibited by incorporating multiple nitrogen atoms into the resulting 6-membered ring. Finally, isolation of presumed inorganic and organometallic intermediates provides a preliminary understanding of the mechanistic sequences involved in these iron-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloadditions

NASA Lewis steady-state heat pipe code users manual

The NASA Lewis heat pipe code was developed to predict the performance of heat pipes in the steady state. The code can be used as a design tool on a personal computer or with a suitable calling routine, as a subroutine for a mainframe radiator code. A variety of wick structures, including a user input option, can be used. Heat pipes with multiple evaporators, condensers, and adiabatic sections in series and with wick structures that differ among sections can be modeled. Several working fluids can be chosen, including potassium, sodium, and lithium, for which monomer-dimer equilibrium is considered. The code incorporates a vapor flow algorithm that treats compressibility and axially varying heat input. This code facilitates the determination of heat pipe operating temperatures and heat pipe limits that may be encountered at the specified heat input and environment temperature. Data are input to the computer through a user-interactive input subroutine. Output, such as liquid and vapor pressures and temperatures, is printed at equally spaced axial positions along the pipe as determined by the user

Test Excavations at 41BL1214, Bell County, Texas: State Highway 95 Bridge Replacement at the Little River

In February and March 2004, Prewitt and Associates, Inc. (PAI), performed archeological test excavations at site 41BL1214 to determine its eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. This investigation was conducted within the existing and proposed right of way of the State Highway 95 bridge project at the Little River in Bell County for the Texas Department of Transportation. The site is situated on a flood terrace on the south bank of the Little River. In all, 18 m3 were excavated during testing. Excavations yielded artifacts, features, and other cultural materials associated with Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric components. Although the site is stratified, there appears to be no ready way to isolate the Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric components from one another, and thus the site has a limited capacity to yield important information. Based on this, it is recommended that the portion of 41BL1214 within the confines of the project area be judged not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places or designation as a State Archeological Landmark. All artifacts, cultural materials, and records collected and generated by this project are curated at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL), The University of Texas at Austin. Because the collected artifacts are from private property, they are curated in a non-held-in-trust status at TARL

Bringing Agriculture into the GATT: Tariffication and Rebalancing

International Relations/Trade,

Re-evaluating the Cu K pre-edge XAS transition in complexes with covalent metal–ligand interactions

Three [Me2NN]Cu(h2 -L2) complexes (Me2NN ¼ HC[C(Me)NAr]2; L2 ¼ PhNO (2), ArF 2N2 (3), PhCH]CH2 (4); Ar ¼ 2,6-Me2-C6H3; ArF ¼ 3,5-(CF3)2-C6H3) have been studied by Cu K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, as well as single- and multi-reference computational methods (DFT, TD-DFT, CASSCF, MRCI, and OVB). The study was extended to a range of both known and theoretical compounds bearing 2p-element donors as a means of deriving a consistent view of how the pre-edge transition energy responds in systems with significant ground state covalency. The ground state electronic structures of many of the compounds under investigation were found to be strongly influenced by correlation effects, resulting in ground state descriptions with majority contributions from a configuration comprised of a Cu(II) metal center anti-ferromagentically coupled to radical anion O2, PhNO, and ArF 2N2 ligands. In contrast, the styrene complex 4, which displays a Cu K pre-edge transition despite its formal d10 electron configuration, exhibits what can best be described as a Cu(I):(styrene)0 ground state with strong pbackbonding. The Cu K pre-edge features for these complexes increase in energy from 1 to 4, a trend that was tracked to the percent Cu(II)-character in the ground state. The unexpected shift to higher preedge transition energies with decreasing charge on copper (QCu) contributed to an assignment of the pre-edge features for these species as arising from metal-to-ligand charge transfer instead of the traditional Cu1s / Cu3d designation

Characterisation of the H5 and N1 genes of an Indonesian highly pathogenic Avian Influenza virus isolate by sequencing of multiple clone approach

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are the main antigenic determinants of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. The features of these surface glycoproteins have been intensively studied at the molecular level. The objective of this research was to characterise the genes encoding these glycoproteins by sequencing of multiple clones. The H5 and N1 genes of isolate A/duck/Tangerang/Bbalitvet-ACIAR-TE11/2007 were each amplified in one or two fragments using reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), and subsequently cloned into pGEM-T Easy TA cloning system. The sequencing result demonstrated high homology between respective clones but with several variations that were identified as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 1,707 base pair and 1,350 base pair of H5 and N1 genes respectively were successfully assembled from multiple clones containing the genes of interest. The features of both H5 and N1 genes from this isolate resemble the typical characteristics of Indonesian strains of H5N1 virus from sub-clade 2.1.3. Key Words: Avian Influenza, Characterization, Gene Cloning, Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidas